Kitchen Science Experiments for Kids

The Tell Tale Heart Essay - 1656 Words

In the â€Å"Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe, the narrator is extremely uncanny due to the reader’s inability to trust him. Right from the beggining the reader can tell that the narrator is crazy although the narrator does proclaim that he is sane. Since a person cannot trust a crazy person, the narrator himself is unreliable and therefore uncanny. Also as the story progress the narrator falls deeper and deeper into lunacy making him more and more unreliable, until the end of the story where the narrator gives in to his insanity, and the reader loses all ability to believe him. In the first lines of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, the reader can tell that narrator is crazy, however the narrator claims the he is not crazy and is very much sane,†¦show more content†¦This quotes shows that the narrator hates the eye not the old man, anyone with whose is â€Å"sane† wouldn’t just hate a person because the injured their eye and it was ugly. Howe ver an insane person could just want to kill a person because of a small thing like that and this leads back to the uncanny and unreliable narrator. The reader here finds that the narrator is acting weird and that he might hate the old man for another reason but they aren’t sure. As the story unfolds the reader find out that the narrator stalks the old man while he is sleeping. Now that the crazed narrator has decided to kill the old man, he decides that he must observe the old man and gaze upon the one thing he hates most, the eye. So for a week strait he quietly sneaks over to the old man’s room, and ever so slowly opens the door and then with great patience he cracks the lantern and views in upon the old man and his face, but alas the eye is covered and so he has no reason to kill the old man. â€Å"And every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it – oh, so gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out, and then I thrust in my head,† (Poe 74). From these lines the reader gathers that the narrator is extremely methodical to the point of obsessive compulsive aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Tale the Heart Tells523 Words   |  2 PagesMany a night, just at midnight, when all the world slept, it has welled up from my own bosom, deepening, with its dreadful echo, the terrors that distracted me. I say I knew it well. I knew what the old man felt and pitied him although I chuckled at heart† (Poe 2). The narrator sees the man as his double through such an emphasis on their similar features, which later becomes crucial as the narrator feels the need for the displacement of his fear. The fact that the old man’s fear is warranted due toRead MoreEssay on The Tell-Tale Heart852 Words   |  4 PagesAndrew Fiddler Professor Esquivel English 1020 15 February 2013 Themes of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Edgar Allen Poe explores the similarity of love and hate in many stories, especially â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart.† In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the narrator confesses a love for an old man whom he then violently murders and dismembers the body and hides the pieces below the floorboards in the bedroom. When the police arrive, the narrator appears normal and unshaken by the murder. Later on, the man gives inRead MoreEssay on The Tell Tale Heart655 Words   |  3 PagesThe Insane Killer One of Edgar Allan Poe’s most terrifying tales is â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†. Poe’s life was tragic because many of the women that Edgar Allan Poe loved very much had died of tuberculosis- his mother, his foster mother, his wife Virginia, and the men in his life kept abandoning him, so that made him dark and depressed. That darkness shows in a lot of his stories, including this one. â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is a story about a murder the narrator commits. He kills an old man becauseRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesBeating Heart With a descriptive epistle of murder and insanity, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† threw itself into history as a classic. The narrator tells of his plot to murder an old man with a â€Å"vulture eye.† Although he sneaks into his bedroom, night after night, he still cannot murder the old man, because he loves the man, but hates the eye. When seeing the vulture eye on the eighth night, he murders the old man and dismembers his body. While insisting upon his sanity he hears the old man’s heart beatingRead MoreTell Tale Heart Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"Tell Tale Heart,† Edgar Allen Poe develops the plot and creates a mood through the use of metaphors, symbolism, imagery, and foreshadowing. The unique use of said literary devices enables the story to strongly entice the reader’s interest and spark high levels of curiosity. The vivid mental pieces of art are beautifully painted with metaphors, symbolism, and imagery, the tools mastered by the p ainter, Edgar Allen Poe. The initial analysis will be that of the old man’s eye. Mr. Poe uses veryRead More A Hanging and A Tell-Tale Heart1541 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters of the guard from George Orwell’s â€Å"A Hanging† and the servant from Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"A Tell-Tale Heart†, they both experience the act of taking another person’s life. The guard from â€Å"A Hanging† works at a prison in Burma where felons await execution. His job is to lead the convicted men to their doom and makes sure everything goes routinely and swift. While the servant from â€Å"A Tell-Tale Heart† is a psychopathic man who lets his obsession over his boss’s glasseye lead him to plot and carryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tell Tale Heart 1110 Words   |  5 Pagesdespicable villains are marked with indifference towards their moral reprehensibility. â€Å"In the Penal Colony† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† both elucidate the idea that corruption, darkness, and immorality alike are unperceivable to the one afflicted. However, while â€Å"In the Penal Colony† suggests that this blind nature is a result of dutiful honor, responsibility, and hope, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† alternatively submits that it is a result of the possibility of fulfillment. Distinction between bothRead MoreThe Tell-Tale Heart Confession593 Words   |  2 PagesProbably not, but most americans have had this issue in that past. The narrator in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† had the same exact same problem during his span as a butler. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is a short story composed about a butler that murders his master because he didn’t liked the way his master’s eye looked when it was open. The meaning of the title â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, means that every heart has a tale to tell. At the ending of the story the narrator openly admits that he killed his master to policeRead MoreThe Black Cat And The Tell Tale Heart957 Words   |  4 Pages the manner in which he expressed these emotions was his brilliantly horrifying short stories. In the two short stories â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† Poe uses characterization to portray the guilt of the narrator. â€Å"The Black Ca t† short story’s writing has a morbid effect on readers and describes the torments of guilt. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Poe explores the effects of the subconscious mind, the suppressing of guilt and the narrator’s guilt forcing him to confess.† â€Å"The Black Cat† isRead MorePsychosis and Guilt in The Tell-Tale Heart977 Words   |  4 PagesIn Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘The Tell-Tale Heart,† the narrator explains how he is not mad, how cautious he is in planning a murder. A person can argue however with the narrator of ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’, which he is indeed mad. The anxiety the narrator experiences through out the story makes him mad, it is also the guilt that brought on more anxiety to the narrator at the end of the story. The narrator constantly speaks of how he is not mad; he constantly as the reader why would they think he is mad. â€Å"True

Positive Psychology Free Essays

Martin Seligman is one of the founding fathers of positive psychology. Seligman created that Idea of â€Å"learned helplessness. † This idea Is related to depression and overlaps Julian Rotters â€Å"external local of control. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Learned helplessness explains the factors In ones lte that they cannot escape. For example, If you are a young girl growing up in a house with your mother who is depressed, sad, abusive, etc then you are more likely to become depressed, sad, and feel helpless. These traits become ur surroundings which then become your life, you dldnt do it to yourself. ut it is almost as if you were taught to be miserable. Seligman also found the three pillars to positive psychology. pleasure. gratification and meaning. These are believed to be the three factors that make happiness possible. Pleasure can come about during good conversation3 sensual experience3 hobbies and so on. This route to happiness suffers from being somewhat superficial and not long-lasting. This is why repetition is important, Repetition often has the opposite impact and can be self-destructive, Gratification is all about being engaged with ones individual strengths or positive traits. Gratification requires effort but provides a deeper level of satisfaction. Finally, meaning. this comes from using one’s strengths to benefit something larger than itself. Mih?ly Csikszentmih?lyi, another psychologist important to positive psychology believes that almost everything you experience has flow. Flow iS a State Of complete engagement in an activity. Flow iS that feeling Of ‘time flies when your’re having fun,† our Whole being iS involve and every action, movement and thought follows the previous one. Csikszentmih?ly believes that now is experienced by everyone in different ways. some might experience flow while playing a sport, while others might experience it in activities such as drawing or painting. He says, â€Å"Flow also happens when a person’s skills are fully involved in overcoming a challenge that is just about manageable, so it acts as a magnet for learning new skills and increasing challenges. If challenges are too ICY†, one gets back to flow by increasing them. If challenges are too great, one can return to the flow state by learning new skills. † (Flow-The Psychology, Csikszentmih ¤lyl) Positive psychology Is a way of life that teaches you not how to ignore negative situations and experiences but how to cope and overcome those experiences. Positive psychology can have a range of real-world applications In areas including education. therapy, self-help. stress management and workplace issues. using strategies from positive psychology. teachers, coaches, therapists and employers can ngths. How to cite Positive Psychology, Papers Positive Psychology Free Essays Positive psychology is a newer type of psychology that focuses on the positive aspects of living a happy lifestyle. There are many ways to one can improve their lifestyle to a positive way of living. For example, practicing new positive exercises over a certain amount of time, such as, meditating, expressing who/what you are grateful for and practicing random acts of kindness to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you are a negative person, you must first become familiar with why you are negative and must be willing to change that in order to live the life of positivity. Martin Seligman is one of the founding fathers of positive psychology. Seligman created that idea of â€Å"learned helplessness.† This idea is related to depression and overlaps Julian Rotters â€Å"external local of control.† Learned helplessness explains the factors in one’s life that they cannot escape. For example, if you are a young girl growing up in a house with your mother who is depressed, sad, abusive, etc then you are more likely to become depressed, sad, and feel helpless. These traits become your surroundings which then become your life, you didn’t do it to yourself, but it is almost as if you were taught to be miserable. Seligman also found the three pillars to positive psychology, pleasure, gratification and meaning. These are believed to be the three factors that make happiness possible. Pleasure can come about during good conversations, sensual experiences, hobbies and so on. This route to happiness suffers from being somewhat superficial and not long-lasting. This is why repetition is important. Repetition often has the opposite impact and can be self-destructive. Gratification is all about being engaged with ones individual strengths or positive traits. Gratification requires effort but provides a deeper level of satisfaction. Finally, meaning, this comes from using one’s strengths to benefit something larger than itself. Mihà ¡ly Csà ­kszentmihà ¡lyi, another psychologist important to positive psychology believes that almost everything you experience has flow. Flow is a state of complete engagement in an activity. Flow is that feeling of â€Å"time flies when your’re having fun,† your whole being is involve and every action, movement and thought follows the previous one. Csà ­kszentmihà ¡ly  believes that flow is experienced by everyone in different ways. Some might experience flow while playing a sport, while others might experience it in activities such as drawing or painting. He says, â€Å"Flow also happens when a person’s skills are fully involved in overcoming a challenge that is just about manageable, so it acts as a magnet for learning new skills and increasing challenges. If challenges are too low, one gets back to flow by increasing them. If challenges are too great, one can return to the flow state by learning new skills.† (Flow-The Psychology, Csà ­kszentmihà ¡lyi) Positive psychology is a way of life that teaches you not how to ignore negative situations and experiences but how to cope and overcome those experiences. Positive psychology can have a range of real-world applications in areas including education, therapy, self-help, stress management and workplace issues. Using strategies from positive psychology, teachers, coaches, therapists and employers can motivate others and help individuals understand and develop their personal strengths. How to cite Positive Psychology, Papers

Organizational Motivation Strategies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Motivation Strategies. Answer: Manager focused on Motivation techniques The thesis statement on which the concentration is given tells about the motivation strategies that are executed by the administrators to improve the proficiency of the representatives who are working in Cerkezkoy organized industrial site. Productivity is considered as a most vital factor of the association. If the representatives are productive towards their work then the association can easily accomplish objectives and destinations of the organization in viable way. Inspiration is likewise considered as a vital method that is contemplated by the best level administration so efficiency of the workers can be improved in powerful way. By taking into consideration the article it is seen that there are numerous weaknesses and strength that has occurred in the article. The thesis statement is on the inspiration methods that are actualized by the directors so the proficiency can be upgraded (Lazaroiu, 2015). So the strength that is examined is that the workers or the employees get propelled towards the work if the inspiration is given by the administration in effective manner. Inspiration procedures that are considered by the administrators improve the eagerness of the representatives to work readily. The motivation that is concerned with the individual varies from each other. It can be advantageous from the administration if the workers working in the organization are motivated, as it improves the employees stability and furthermore the workplace environment .Motivation is a process through which the execution of the representatives working in the association can be upgraded in powerful way. Motivation methods that are actualized by the workers are useful from multiple points of view. It offers authorization to the workers to talk about their assessments and they can likewise share data in successful way (Gould-Williams, 2016). The motivation strategy has enhanced the working criteria of the representatives in a viable way. By offering motivation to the representatives the objectives are effortlessly accomplished by the association. The situation is that there is change in the execution of the representatives that are working in the association. The systems that are embraced by the administrator's provide guidance to the workers and furthermore help them to enhance the behavior of the representatives. By motivation the workers can acquire an incentive that gives improvement in the performance level of the association and by this the organization can easily achieve its goals and objectives in effective manner (Wahlgrn and Virtanen, 2015). The weakness that is analyzed in the thesis statement is that the inspiration level of numerous workers was not supported. So to upgrade the level of inspiration numerous corrective actions and studies are directed with the goal that the representative can work in a viable way and can without much of a stretch accomplish its objectives. It is extremely fundamental to support the motivation level of the representative so they can give their best towards the work. It is a strategy or procedure that discloses the capacity of a person to work. It is extremely basic for the association to achieve the opportunities that are in the market. If the opportunities are considered effectively then it will accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization. If the efficiency is there then it can easily reduce the risks and threats that are prevailing in the market. Innovation is additionally considered if the exchange is made by considering the level of motivation. If good environment is given to the clients then it can without much of a stretch make and improves the level of inspiration of the representatives who are working in the association (Buble,Juras and Mati?,2014).There are strategies that are viewed as like population and sample technique in which th e inquiries are outlined on the determination of the individual and in the second area there are question that decide the conclusion by considering inspiration apparatuses. An inspiration apparatus gives improvement in the operations of the business. If the motivation instruments are utilized as a part of compelling way to assess the execution in successful way the organization can undoubtedly accomplish its objectives and goals productively (Costa, Ntoumanis and Bartholomew,2015). Yes, I consider the thesis statement that is motivation strategies are utilized by the supervisors to improve the proficiency of the representatives that are working in the association. It is seen that the techniques that are utilized to upgrade the operations and working example of the representatives is effective. By this the organization has effortlessly accomplish its working pattern and upgraded the goodwill in the market. Motivation can upgrade the working pattern and can offer proficiency to the representatives so the work can be finished on time (Hall and Davis, 2017).The inspiration can be given by the top management. If the top administration don't persuade the workers then it can be difficult for the representatives to improve the efficiency and furthermore to accomplish the objectives in compelling way. So it is a vital factor that should be considered so that the objectives and targets of the firm can be accomplished in productive way. The points that is considered in th e thesis statement is that Motivation improves the level of operations, Motivation upgrades the efficiency level of the representatives working in the association, Motivation encourages the association to accomplish its objectives and targets in effective way, Motivation creates a positive working environment. These are the points that support the thesis explanation that yes inspiration ought to be actualized by the best administration in powerful way. It is the responsibility of the top management to motivate their subordinate so that the employees working in the organization can easily achieve the goals and objectives of the organization in effective manner (Smit, de Brabander, Boekaerts and Martens, 2017). To motivate the employees it is necessary that the company should provide effective working environment to the employees so that they can work with full dedication and can help the organization to attain the profitability. To motivate the employee is the important part for the company. Motivated workforce gives high range of productivity that is beneficial for the business to attain the goals. One of the strategies that the business should also consider is the motivation strategy. It is a strategy that is very beneficial for the company. Motivation enhances the productivity and it discloses the talent of the employees who are employed in the organization. The effective way to attain the business goals is to motivate the employees or the workers. Also motivation is given to the employees by providing effective training, so that they feel motivated to complete their task in efficient manner (Healy, 2016). The sign that support the statement is that it is found in the Motivation technique which is about the monthly salary is that the inspiration is basic for the general population. The motivation that is required by the low segment group is high and they can give their best towards the work. The following confirmation that is found in the motivation method is considered more by the wage earner if compared with the manager. The last proof that is required and considered by considering this article is that the inspiration has offered benefit to every segment and it is considered as an essential part of the association. It ought to be executed in successful way (Elliot, Dweck and Yeager, 2017). Inspiration is required in each fragment of the gathering and it gives improvement in the working operations of the organization. In this article the primary concentrate is given on the representatives who are working in the textile segment. The result is that the inspiration is exceptionally basic to be taken into consideration in the association. It reveals the abilities that the workers have. Talents of the representatives that are covered up are uncovered if the inspiration is given in powerful path to the workers. The main concentrate is given on the representatives working in the fabric dying factories (Chen, 2014). The study depends on the 229 representatives from which 183 laborers are utilized in 3 weaving industrial facility and 46 administrators are from the scale and a questionnaire. Inspiration improves the gainfulness of the specialists working in the manufacturing plant. Motivation is given from the top administration to their sub ordinated. The motivation strategies t hat are considered over by the directors in the organization have brought about positive way (Adler, Rodman and DuPr, 2016). It has given and satisfied the desire level of the workers who have a place from the diverse sections. Inspiration updates the nature of execution as well as the working pattern of the representatives. The outcomes that are accomplished by the organization is in positive path as it upgrades the gainfulness as well as gives concentrate on improving the goodwill of the association. Each Company should think about the inspiration device that improves the operations and level of rivalry among the representatives who are working in the association. The execution of the representatives ought to be assessed in powerful way so workers can work with full devotion. The level of rivalry of the workers is upgraded by executing inspiration systems (Pinder, 2014). References Adler, R., Rodman, G.R. and DuPr, A., 2016.Understanding human communication. Oxford University Press. Buble, M., Juras, A. and Mati?, I., 2014. The relationship between managers leadership styles and motivation. Management: journal of contemporary management issues,19(1), pp.161-193. Chen, C.A., 2014. Nonprofit managers motivational styles: A view beyond the intrinsic-extrinsic dichotomy.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,43(4), pp.737-758. Costa, S., Ntoumanis, N. and Bartholomew, K.J., 2015. Predicting the brighter and darker sides of interpersonal relationships: Does psychological need thwarting matter?.Motivation and Emotion,39(1), pp.11-24. Elliot, A.J., Dweck, C.S. and Yeager, D.S. eds., 2017.Handbook of Competence and Motivation: Theory and Application. Guilford Publications. Gould-Williams, J.S., 2016. Managers motives for investing in HR practices and their implications for public service motivation: a theoretical perspective.International Journal of Manpower,37(5), pp.764-776. Hall, J.A. and Davis, D.C., 2017. Proposing the communicate bond belong theory: Evolutionary intersections with episodic interpersonal communication.Communication Theory,27(1), pp.21-47. Healy, K., 2016. A Theory of Human Motivation by Abraham H. Maslowreflection.The British Journal of Psychiatry,208(4), pp.313-313. Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, p.97. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Smit, K., de Brabander, C.J., Boekaerts, M. and Martens, R.L., 2017. The self-regulation of motivation: Motivational strategies as mediator between motivational beliefs and engagement for learning.International Journal of Educational Research,82, pp.124-134. Wahlgrn, A. and Virtanen, A., 2015. Owner-managers' motivation and the growth of family-owned small and medium-sized enterprises.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business,26(3), pp.293-311.

The Role of Brochures in Tourism and Marketing the Product

The popularity of tourism increases with references to the emergence of different ways to spend holidays effectively. The opportunities of tourism become more available for the public because of the increased competition within the industry. Today, a customer has an opportunity to choose the ways to spend holidays according to their interests and possibilities, and the main task of a tourism operator is to attract more customers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Role of Brochures in Tourism and Marketing the Product specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During a long period of time, the distribution of brochures containing the important information about the tour and services provided by the tourism operator remained the most effective way to draw the target audience’s attention to the product and services. Producing well designed brochures, tourism operators focus on marketing strategies in order to em phasize the advantages of the product and advertise it successfully. In this case, brochures are necessary to promotion and persuading customers to choose the certain services. Thus, brochures are important for tourism operators to market their product because they are used to attract more customers, to provide the detailed information about the tour and services, to evoke the public’s interest in relation to the definite tour, to stimulate the customer’s buying behaviour, and to contribute to the effective work of a travel agent; furthermore, the effectiveness of a brochure depends on the quality of information included in it. The Purpose and Importance of Brochures The main purpose of working out a brochure is to present the information about the tourism product and services while persuading the customer to buy this product. Thus, an effective travel brochure should attract the customer and include the message which can stimulate the customer’s positive buying behaviour. According to Bhatia, â€Å"since tourism is an intangible product which cannot be pretested by the prospective consumer prior to the purchase, the brochure becomes the important channel of informing a customer about the product and also motivating him to buy the product† (Bhatia 2006, p. 247). Potential customers react to the information in brochures as on effective advertisements. That is why, a brochure should be well designed and organised. A brochure is important for all the parties participating in the process of selling-buying the product or services. Thus, a brochure is important for customers who can learn all the necessary information about the tour or hotel only with the help of a brochure. From this point, a brochure is designed for a customer. In this case, the tour operator should focus on the idea that the information and materials presented in the brochure are provided to be effective and interesting for customers. The focus on customers’ int erests and needs guarantees that customers receive the information which is most appealing for them (Ivanovic 2008). Customers read brochures in order to find the information which is important for them that is why tour operators can use brochures effectively when they take into consideration this tendency and present the materials which customers want to learn (Beaver 2005).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A brochure can be discussed as effective for the customer when it contains all the information which is required for spending the holidays successfully. Brochures are important for promoting the product when customers receive the necessary information easily. Providing the information on hotels, destinations, services, visa and health requirements, tour operators stimulate the potential customers’ interest to choose this concrete tour or product. Thus, effecti ve and vivid descriptions of services and destinations should guarantee that customers feel desire to contact the tour operator and choose the definite service (Wicks Schuett 1991). The importance of brochures is in the fact that the materials provided in them can be discussed as the source available for customers to decide about their choice (Molina 2006). The increased competition within the industry makes tour operators pay more attention to the attractiveness of the information provided in brochures. It is also important to focus on the potential of brochures as the sources of credible and reliable information on services and products proposed.  As a result, the information presented in brochures generates the customer’s interest. Moreover, the first or title page of the brochure is as important for effective promotion of the product as the detailed information presented in the sections of the brochure. Brochures are important to attract several categories of customers , including those ones who plan holidays and their tours as well as those persons who hesitate about tourism (Sirakaya Sonmez 2000). An effective brochure can help customers to decide about their choice and focus on the opportunities proposed by the definite tour operator. In this case, a brochure attracts the customer’s attentions, generates the customer’s interest, and influences his or her decision and the buying behaviour (Rozier-Rich Santos 2011). All the details are important to affect the customer’s attitude to the advertised tour. Thus, a tour operator should concentrate on including high-quality photographs and presenting or not information on prices. To generate the customer’s interest, a brochure should be organized according to definite standards followed in the industry, but it should be more attractive than the other brochures of that kind. Effective brochures are important for tourism operators because they encourage sales significantly. Easy-to-understand brochures function as successful advertisements. The combination of the work of a travel agent and the information presented in a brochure can stimulate not only the customer’s interest in the services but also general increases in tourism sales. Brochures can be used to encourage sales and promote products when they are designed according to the certain principles which are the focus on customers’ attention, interest, desire, and action (Page Connell 2006). If a customer decides to buy the tour proposed in the brochure, it can be discussed as effective. It is important to note that those brochures which are organised according to the above-mentioned principles are really effective in stimulating more sales because brochures are still actively used in the industry.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Role of Brochures in Tourism and Marketing the Product specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it is necessary to concentrate on the role of brochures for travel agents. The marketing techniques used by travel agents can become more effective if they use brochures to support their descriptions and explanations. A brochure as a source of the visual and factual information can attract more customers’ attention than speeches and descriptions which are not associated with demonstrating photographs and maps. Nevertheless, the problem is in the fact that today brochures should be perfect in order to attract the customer’s attention and contribute to the work of a travel agent because of the tendency to use the Internet sources in order to find the necessary information (Wang 2002). Thus, travel agents always used â€Å"the prime marketing tool of tour operators – the glossy holiday brochure. However, more consumers are now turning to new media channels to browse and learn about what holidays are available† (Reaching the Consumer 2 004, p. 2). The situation changed, and there are more requirements to the brochure to be effective. That is why, it is important to focus on elements which should be included in the brochure. The Information Which Should Be Included in the Brochure To function as an effective marketing tool, a brochure should include the information on the facts which are interesting for the customer. It is important to avoid the misleading information because this fact can affect the reputation of the tour operator negatively. There is a list of components which should be included in a travel brochure, thus, the tour operator can rely on the effectiveness of the brochure when it contains the high-quality photographs of the places and destinations, the complete but concise description of the services or products proposed, the information on hotels, culture, transportation, shopping, maps, and contacts. To attract the attention of the audience, the brochure should have the appealing cover page with e ffective headings, mottos, and photographs which emphasize the quality of the holidays spending in this hotel, city, or any other location. The next stage is the generation of the customer’s interest that is why it is necessary to present more information on the services provided. Effective descriptions of locations and destinations should be concise, but vivid and attractive (Cooper 2008). Today, people can find all the necessary information with the help of the Internet, and all the facts presented in the brochure should be supported with photographs which demonstrate the advantages of spending holidays in this concrete place (Morgan Pritchard 2013).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, expressive headings are important to draw the customer’s attention to significant facts. The emotionally vivid language can be used in brochures because a brochure should communicate the potential client directly, evoking definite positive emotions and feelings along with the desire to buy the proposed products, tours, and services. A brochure should answer all the possible questions which can be interesting for customers in order to motivate them to do the right choice and contact with the help of the provided e-mail addresses, web addresses, and phone numbers with the tour operators and travel agents. The contact information is usually presented on the last page of the brochure (Chiou 2008). To decide about the effectiveness of hotels’ locations, it is necessary to include maps in brochures in order to provide the customer with an opportunity to explore routes and particular features of transportation at the territories.  A travel brochure is the effective ma rketing tool used by tourism operators in order to encourage sales and attract more customers. Thus, brochures are designed to complete the promotional purpose as well as the informational purpose because of providing the materials which are interesting for the customer and which can stimulate the customer’s positive buying behaviour. The brochure is important to influence the sales within the tourism industry when it is competitive. That is why, tour operators pay much attention to designing brochures which are attractive for customers. The advantages of brochures are in their portability and informational character. Furthermore, the design and distribution of brochures is the significant part of the tour operators’ promotional budget because the effective brochure should guarantee the increase of sales and positive changes in relation to the positions of the tour operator within the industry. Reference List Beaver, A 2005, A dictionary of travel and tourism terminolo gy, CABI, UK. Bhatia, A 2006, The business of tourism: concepts and strategies, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, UK. Chiou, W 2008, ‘Virtual experience vs. brochures in the advertisement of scenic spots: How cognitive preferences and order effects influence advertising effects on consumer’, Tourism Management, vol. 29. no. 1, pp. 146-150. Cooper, C 2008, Tourism: principles and practice, Pearson Education, USA. Ivanovic, M 2008, Cultural tourism, Juta and Company Ltd, UK. Molina, A 2006, ‘Tourism brochures: usefulness and image’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1036-1056. Morgan, N Pritchard, A 2013, Advertising in tourism and leisure, Routledge, UK. Page, S Connell, J 2006, Tourism: a modern synthesis, Cengage Learning EMEA, USA. Reaching the Consumer – the changing nature of travel distribution 2004. Web. Rozier-Rich, S Santos, C 2011, ‘Processing promotional travel narratives’, Tourism Management, vol. 32. no. 2, pp. 3 94-405. Sirakaya, E Sonmez, S 2000, ‘Gender images in state tourism brochures: an overlooked area in socially responsible tourism marketing’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 38. no. 4, pp. 353-362. Wang, K 2002, ‘Is the tour leader an effective endorser for group package tour brochures?’, Tourism Management, vol. 23. no. 5, pp. 489-498. Wicks, B Schuett, M 1991, ‘Examining the role of tourism promotion through the use of brochures’, Tourism Management, vol. 12. no. 4, pp. 301–312. This assessment on The Role of Brochures in Tourism and Marketing the Product was written and submitted by user Angela W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Basics of the Federal Court System essays

Basics of the Federal Court System essays I have chosen the United States Federal Court System as my topic of research. I believe the U.S Federal Court System is paramount to our criminal justice system. Today the Federal Court System is a complex structure of courts and actors working together in an imperfect process to deliver justice. Throughout the years theres been controversy and debate between the rights of state and federal courts. However, as the dual process evolved they became dependent on each other. Without one or the other, the system will not function properly. The Federal Courts have been a controversial issue since the 18th century. The two landmark decisions that are well known are the Article III of the U.S Constitution and the Judiciary Act of 1789. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation in the past was thought to be the absence of a national supreme court to enforce federal law and resolve conflicts and issues between different states. The major issue during the Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 was that there be a separate court system for federal and state. This divided the people into two groups, the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Anti-Federalists were advocates of states rights and feared a strong national government that would result in the weakening of individual liberties. The Federalists on the other hand distrusted the states and favored a strong national government. This conflict between the two groups was later resolved at the constitutional convention which designed Article III of the U.S. Constitu tion. This then provided an outline of a federal judiciary. (Americas Courts and the Criminal Justice System, 2009) The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior Courts as the congress may from time to time ordain and establish. Since then, there were many alterations made, but ultimately in 1988 Congress eliminated many of the mandatory appeals to...

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Indias Foreign Policy Towards China: An Analysis

Indias Foreign Policy Towards China: An Analysis KAUTILYAS THOUGHTS ON FOREIGN POLICY AND ANALYSE ITS RELEVANCE TO MODERN INDIA PARTICULARLY WITH REGARDS TO CHINA CHAPTER I METHODOLOGY General 1. The making of foreign policy is an exercise to achieve ends and means of a nation state. Conceptually it is based on long term goals and related short term objectives. It is the product of past history, geography, evolving national power and prevalent international environment, which is largely out of countrys control[1]. 2. Indian Foreign Policy towards China was initially based on idealism of Nehru, steered towards realism by Mrs Indira Gandhi, asserted by Rajiv Gandhi and culminated with India going overtly nuclear under Vajpayee in May 1998. From Hindi-Chini bhai bhai to potential enemy number one to great friend, India just does not know how to deal with its neighbourhood dragon that has played its cards so skilfully vis-à  -vis India. 3. Indias dominant geostrategic location, vast natural and technological manpower resources, a vibrant emerging economy backed by strong military and nuclear capability, visible soft power and presence of the Indian Diaspora the world over, make it an ideal candidate to be a major player in the world in general and South Asian region in particular. 4. India and China are the two major powers in Asia with global aspirations and some significant conflicting interests. As a result, some amount of friction in their bilateral relationship is inevitable. The geopolitical reality of Asia makes sure that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, for Hindi-Chini to be bhai-bhai (brothers) in the foreseeable future. If India and China continue to rise in the next few years, a security competition between the two regional giants will be all but inevitable. If India is serious about its desire to emerge as a major global power, then it will have to tackle the challenge of Chinas rise. A rising China will not tolerate a rising India as its peer competitor. Even if a rising India does not have any intention of becoming a regional hegemon, China will try its best to constrain India as it has already done to a large extent. And it is that containment that India has to guard against. India should make a serious attempt to manage the fr ictions by expanding the zone of cooperation with allies even as it tries to steadfastly pursue its national interests. 5. Indian foreign policy agenda should be driven by only Indias national security imperatives. India needs to be more pro-active, consistent, and realistic when engaging China. It is time for India to realise that Its great power aspirations cannot be realised without a cold-blooded realistic assessment of its own strategic interests in an anarchic international system where there are no permanent friends or enemies, only permanent interests. 6. It would be prudent to look, into the wisdom of Kautilyas , Arthashastra, a treatise on polity and statecraft to learn the lessons on war and strategy , national power and national security and threat perception and threat assessment. Statement of Problem 7. To study Kautilyas thoughts on strategy and analyse its relevance to the present day Indian Geo-political environment with particular regards to China. Justification of the Study 8. Kautilyas Arthashastra has been recognised the world over as an invaluable treatise on all facets of statecraft and polity. Its eternal wisdom and timelessness can be gauged from the fact that it is still quoted by scholars, academicians, bureaucrats and soldiers alike the world over. The interest generated in this epic illustrates that the thoughts on strategy to sustain and advance a state still provides valuable lessons. The twentieth century which has seen two world wars of long duration and host of other conflicts worldwide has also generated a fairly large number of studies on strategy commensurate with the advances in technology and new methods in warfare. But there is certain universality about classical strategic thoughts which prompts academics and scholars to go back to these works both in terms of comparative analysis and their reinterpretation in the changing world. 9. Strategy over the ages has been defined in different ways reflective of the times in which they were made and the existing interstate relations and economic and social state of a nation. Higher or Grand strategy is hardly understood nor does it seem to have been practised in India. It is therefore important to study the various facets of this vital subject as propounded by Kautilya in his Arthashastra, as it is so critical for the existence and security of a nation. Scope 10. The Arthashastra is a compendium on various aspects of statecraft and lays down measures to be followed by a king to sustain and advance a state. The contents of this treatise are very exhaustive covering a broad spectrum to include the minor details at one end to grand strategy on the other. However this study concentrates on the various facets of stratagem enunciated by Kautilya and analyse their relevance to modern India particularly with regards to China Method of Data Collection 11. All the information for this study has been gathered from various books (refer bibliography) and internet. Content 12. Background. Kautilyas Arthashastra is an excellent treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy. It is said to have been written by Kautilya, also known by the name Chanakya or Vishnugupta, the prime minister of Indias first great emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. This chapter will include the following:- (a) Authenticity and date of Arthashastra. (b) Historical account of life of Kautilya. 13. Kautilyas Foreign Policy. In Interstate relations power constitutes the ability of a nation to impose its will on another nation despite resistance. This Chapter will include:- (a) Saptanga concept of state. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent elements of any state[2] and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a foreign policy of expansion by conquest. The seven constituents are the basis of the national power and happiness. He then relates as to how national power varies due to expansion or calamities and how pursuance of national interest is directly related to the possession of national power. (b) Postulates of foreign policy. As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nations[3]. Kautilyas postulates on foreign policy international relations, national security to include internal and external security, war waging methodology to include Mantrayuddha or War by Counsel, Prakasayuddha or Open War, kutayuddha or Concealed War, Gudayuddha or Clandestine War. 14. Mandala Concept as the Basis of National Strategy. Kautilya, says that the the aggressor (Vijigishu), should conclude, peace when he finds that he is weaker than the enemy[4]; he should wage war when he finds himself to be stronger; he should adopt neutrality when assesses that neither he nor his enemy can settle the score; he should seek refuge when he is weak; and he should adopt the duel policy in a contingency requiring the help from, another ruler. War and foreign policy issues are thus decided in an ad hoc framework of political expediency. When progress is equally attainable by means of peace and war, Kautilya says that the former is to be preferred. This is so, for war involves expenditure in men and money, residence in a foreign land, and suffering.This chapter will include the following:- (a) Mandala Theory. Kautilya believed that countries which shared a common border were natural enemies. However, any state on the other side of that enemy is a natural choice for an ally for they, too, are at risk from the same enemy. In other words, he believed in the principle of â€Å"the enemy of my enemy is my friend.† The idea is best envisioned by a series of concentric circles (not a normal configuration of states, admittedly, but easier to describe), which actually makes them look a bit like a mandala. (b) Potential enemies. â€Å"A neighboring prince possessed of the excellences of an enemy is the foe; one in calamity is vulnerable; one without support or with weak support is fit to be exterminated; in the reverse case, fit to be harassed or weakened. These are the different types of enemies[5].† (c) Alliances. A perfect ally is said to have six qualities,namely, constant, under control, quickly mobilising, hereditary, great and not given to double dealing. (d) The six measures of foreign policy. Kautilya however believes that there are spin-offs of these, thus providing six methods of foreign policy. These are making peace, waging war, staying quiet, preparing for war, seeking support, and the dual policy of making peace with one while waging war against another[6]. Ones circumstances will dictate which methods should be used. 15. Application of Mandala Theory in the Contemporary Indian geo-political Scenario. This Chapter will include the classification of friends, enemies, potential enemies, and likely allies on the basis of Mandala theory. 16. Implication of Chinas Rise in Indian Perspective. This chapter will include the following:- (a) Chinas comprehensive strategy. (b) Chinese Balance of power strategy in Asia. (c) Chinese economic Strategy. (d) Chinas encirclement policy. (e) Relationship with Indias neighbours. (f) Chinas perception of India. (g) Indias perception of China. (h) Implication of Chinas strategy on Indias security. 17. Application of Kautilyan Wisdom in Sino-Indian Relations. This chapter will include the following:- (a) Chinese critical vulnerabilities. (b) Indian options to counter Chinese threat. (c) Suggested Indian Strategy against China. â€Å"Miraculous results can be achieved by practising the methods of subversion†. Kautilya CHAPTER II BACKGROUND General 1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya [7]or Vishnugupta, was an Indian statesman and philosopher who lived around 350 B.C.E. He is one of the most famous Indian political thinkers who participated in the social and political revolutions of his age. Though he lived a long time ago, certain principles from his theory are still relevant in todays context. His most famous work is Arthashastra, translated differently by various authors, but in its most acceptable meaning, the â€Å"science of political economy[8].† The book, written in Sanskrit, discusses theories and principles of governing a state. Arthashastra remains unique in all of Indian literature because of its unabashed advocacy of realpolitik. Indian scholars continued to study it for its clear-cut arguments and formal prose till the twelfth century. After that period it lost its significance. It has again become the focus of attention of thinkers who want to see a change in the Indian foreign policy[9]. 2. Kautilya was a Brahmin minister under Chandragupta Maurya[10], the first king of the great Mauryan Empire in India. The empire was the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India. It was founded in 321 B.C.E. by Chandragupta Maurya[11], who had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and begun expanding his power across central and western India. The Empire stretched to the North along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas, and to the east stretching into what is now Assam. To the West, it reached beyond modern Pakistan and included Baluchistan in Persia and significant portions of what is now Afghanistan, including the modern Herat and Kandahar provinces. 3. Many call Kautilya the first political realist in the world.[12] His work differed from existing political theory in that it talked about ways of running the administration which were based more on self interest than on morality. The frank and brutal advice he offers the king in his treatise makes Machiavellis â€Å"The Prince† seem mild.[13] There are four different characteristics of a realist approach to international relations:[14] (a) The assumption that human nature is aggressive. (b) The belief that international relations will always be characterized by conflict. (c) The belief that the foremost goal of the king shall be the protection of the state and its people. (d) The belief that the state must be strong politically, economically, and militarily so as to minimize the possibility of an attack. 4. He thus talked about balance of power before this term was actually invented.[15] He said that the king should consider all his neighbors as his enemies and that any state on the opposite side of a neighbor is a potential ally. So, if countries were in a line, countries 1, 3, 5, 7 could be friends, as could 2, 4, and 6. But countries 1, 2, and 3 could never be friends. This status would change as soon as country 1 conquered country 2. From that very instant country 3 (a friend) would be the new enemy. This is called his ‘mandala theory.'[16] Arthashastra 5. It is necessary to bear in mind that the Arthashastra, â€Å"the science of wealth and warfare,† was just discovered and translated in the past century in Mysore by R. Shamasastry[17], and that until then, there was no knowledge of any such compilation, despite scant allusions made to an â€Å"Arthashastra,† and its alternative names â€Å"Nitisastra† and â€Å"Dandaniti,† in the Mahabharata[18].Thomas Trautmann dates the text to c.150 A.D. and, through rigorous statistical analysis, he concludes that the Arthashastra had several authors spanning a wide range of dates,[19] which adds to the puzzle of how historically obscure the text has been for over the past two millennia. Nevertheless, its secretive nature adds credence to its function as a handbook on efficient statecraft for kings and high-level ministers. 6. Artha has always been regarded as one of the four purusharthas,[20] yet its teachings have been relegated to animal fables and folklore. No such shastras seem to have been compiled for public knowledge, as was the case of the Dharmashastras and Kamashastras. In stark contrast to the latter, the manuscript discovered in 1902 by Shamasastry was compiled as a guidebook for kings and high-level officials, rather than the average individual. The result is a perspective advocating a top-down style of governance with little or no representation held by the general populace, and the continual maintenance of such a state with energetic leadership and extensive secret service. Though the king and upper echelons of society involuntarily accepted such authority because of religious ideals just as much as the general populace did, the Arthashastra suggests the existence of a small elite with a secular and realist outlook that actively worked to uphold this power scheme and determine the overal l course of the kingdom.[21] 7. It is for this reason that the Arthashastra advocates reordering the priorities of the purusharthas, by valuing materialism over religion and morality.[22] Similarly, R.P. Kangle notes that â€Å"these ideals are meant for individuals† and that the conduct of public life was not to be guided by these rules for individual morality[23]. Management of the state necessitated realism, not idealism. It required the prudence and precise calculation of measures undertaken alongside their short and long-term consequences, which formulated the theoretical beginnings of economics: â€Å"Wealth will slip away from that childish man who constantly consults the stars: the only [guiding] star of wealth is itself; what can the stars of the sky do? Man, without wealth, does not get it even after a hundred attempts. Just as elephants are needed to catch elephants, so does wealth capture more wealth[24].† Public welfare was contingent upon the strength of the state. The latter was achi eved by internal development or territorial expansion, both of which were realized through power[25]. 8. The Arthashastra regards both economics and foreign policy as zero-sum games: the state would need to prosper economically lest it be overtaken by wealthier imperialist neighbors or suffer from internal rebellion by discontented government officials and military leaders. Furthermore, internal development would naturally lead to population growth and would eventually necessitate expansion, which is why L.N. Rangarajan notes that â€Å"the aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing with this logic, Kautilya deals in Book 7 with all the theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy.†[26] Hence, the prime motive of the state was the never-ending pursuit of artha. It is only after dedicating its energies to this end can the state or king then move on to fulfilling dharma and kama. 9. This Arthashastra is primarily a book of political realism where State is paramount and King shall carry out duties as advised in his book to preserve his state. For Kautilya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity[27] and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Kautilyas work is so deep rooted in realism that he goes to describe the gory and brutal means a King must adopt to be in power. This could have been one reason why Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya whom Kautilya advised renounced violence and war thus taking the path of Dharma or Morals. 10. I will also be making a few references to the other books of Arthashatra where topics of Management have been dealt with. The areas covered under Management include training, management education, leadership skills, selection of employees, consultation, crisis management, risk management, strategic management, corporate governance, information systems, intelligence network, competition, mergers and acquisitions, etc. among many others. Kautilya 11. There are a large of theories as to who Chanakya, or Kautilya or Vishnugupta , was. Kautilya was an enigmatic whose origin is shrouded in mystery. However, all sources of Indian tradition Brahmin, Buddhist and Jain agree that Kautilya destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya on the throne of Magadha. 12. One theory about his origin is that Chanakya was a Kerala Brahmin who somehow reached the court of the Nanda king at Pataliputra[28]. The next theory is that Chanakya was a North Indian Brahmin born and educated in Taxila[29] and that he was physically ugly, had a disgusting complexion and his limbs were deformed. As per Jain tradition, his parents noticed that Chanakya was born with full set of teeth, a mark of future king. They had the teeth removed as either parent did not want him to become a King . He became a King maker instead. 13. At a very early age little Chanakya started studying Vedas. He later also studied politics and economics. As a student and later a professor, the University of Taxila became Chanakyas breeding ground of acquiring knowledge in the practical and theoretical aspects on all walks of life. However, with the Greek armies of Selucus threatening to invade India, and the various kingdoms in the subcontinent on the verge of war and aggression with each other, Chanakya left the university at Taxila, and proceeded in his own words to strengthen the country politically and economically and to save the country from the clutches of foreign invaders. 14. In Magadha, Chanakya was insulted by the King of Patliputra, Dhana Nanda and he vowed to destroy the Nanda dynasty. He came upon Chandragupta and together, Chanakya and Chandragupta set about attacking the Nanda kingdom until finally Chandragupta was installed as the king of Magadha[30]. According to written tradition, Chanakya was a fearless person, not afraid of death, disgrace or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and evil to schemers. 15. Chanakya then retired from active life and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on statecraft[31] unsatisfactory in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. For Chanakya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Thus came into being the ‘Arthashastra. There is no doubt that this treatise is the work of a genius, who spoke of matters which have held relevance down the ages to contemporary times with striking infallibility. The military writings of Chanakya precede those of Machiavelli and Clausewitz by centuries but seldom has this fact been acknowledged much less credited outside India. â€Å"The king who understands the interdependence of the six methods of foreign policy, plays, as he pleases, with other rulers bound to him by the chains of his intellect†. Kautilya CHAPTER III KAUTILYAN FOREIGN POLICY Saptanga Concept Of State 16. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent elements of any state[32] and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a foreign policy of expansion by conquest. Of the seven elements, six (the King, the ministers, the people, the fortified city, the Treasury and the army) are internal elements; only the ally is an element outside the borders. The structure and organization of the six internal elements of a well ordered state are fully developed and explained by Kautilya in books I to 5. The aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing this logic, Kautilya in Book 7 deaIs with all theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy. Before a King actually sets out on an expedition of conquest he has to take steps to guard himself against the dangers which might weaken any of constituent elements of his own state. Kautilya uses the word calamity (vyasana) in th e precise sense of any event which weakens any constituent element of a state, thereby preventing it from being to its full potential in the conduct of foreign policy or war[33]. 17. This theory in one form or another (in part, as elements of national power), has survived to this very day as a mainstay of reflection and analysis of international politics. Kautilya enumerates the desirable qualities each of these elements should display and points out, too, that his list of elements is arranged in descending order of importance: each succeeding element is less important than the one before it, the king being most important of all. A ruler who possesses the elements of state and who wisely takes care of them will never be defeated, he says, and then devotes the whole of Book VIII[34] to a systematic analysis of the troubles and calamities which might befall each one of these elements (in other words, to their malfunctioning). 18. The king is the focal point of analysis; he strives to maintain and improve his position knowing that the determinants of status in international society are two: power and happiness: The possession of power and happiness in a greater degree makes a king superior to another; in a lesser degree, inferior; and in an equal degree, equal. Hence a king shall always endeavour to augment his power and elevate his happiness. 19. Neither power nor happiness is clearly or exhaustively defined or analysed. We know, however, that power is to be understood as strength and that it has three components[35]:- (a) Mantrashakti; Power of counsel, deliberation or decision-making, including capacity for intrigue. (b) Prabhushakti; The treasury and the army. (c) Utsahashakti; Resolve and determination. 20. Thus power refers essentially to activity and application of the elements of the state, just mentioned. Happiness on the other hand is that which can be attained by the use of power. It is to some degree a measure of success of foreign policy and the implementation of its objectives, but it also indicates those qualities such as righteousness and also internal stability and not power alone that enter into the determination of international status. 21. A kings position is not, however, unchanging; his status relative to another king is variable and needs continuous attention. A king prevents deterioration in his position and secures an improvement (a desire for which is a built-in feature of the system) in two ways: by attention to the elements of his power, and by external action. Kautilya enjoins the ruler to pursue power investment: a wise king adopts policies that add to the resources of his country and enable him to build forts, to construct buildings and commercial roads, to open new plantations and villages, to exploit mines and timber and elephant forests, and at the same time to harass similar works of the enemy[36]. Status is also obviously affected by successes in military and other fields, but the king is cautioned to rely on strengthening his own power before embarking upon foreign adventures. According to Kautilya, and here is one of the more interesting portions of his analysis, the kings status read national pow er determines his foreign policy. That policy differs according to whether it is directed toward kings who are superior, inferior or equal to him. The bulk of the international portions of the Arthashastra are a discussion of the policies that may be appropriately pursued by superior or inferior kings[37]. Postulates Of Foreign Policy 22. As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nations[38]. While it is good to have an ally, the alliance will last only as long as it is in that allys as well as ones own self-interest, because an ally looks to the securing of his own interests in the event of simultaneity of calamities and in the event of the growth of the enemys power[39]. Whether one goes to war or remains at peace depends entirely upon the self-interest of, or advantage to, ones kingdom: War and peace are considered solely from the point of view of profit. One keeps an ally not because of good will or moral obligation, but because one is strong and can advance ones own self-interest as well as the self-interest of the ally, for when one has an army, ones ally remains friendly, or (even) the enemy becomes friendly.[40] Because nations always act in their political, econ omic, and military self-interest, even times of peace have the potential to turn abruptly into times of war, allies into enemies, and even enemies into allies. Kautilya probably assumed that peaceful empires cannot last forever, and that conflict among smaller states is more common in history. 23. For Kautilya, this principle of foreign policy that nations act in their political, economic, and military self-interest was a timeless truth of his science of politics, or arthasastra. He did not believe that nations never act in an altruistic manner indeed, Kautilya advocated humanitarian acts that also coincided with ones self-interest but he did believe that one must assume, if entrusted with political or military power that ones neighbours will eventually act in their own interests. Put another way, one would be betraying ones own people if one did not assume a worst-case scenario. A nation forced to rely on the kindness of neighbouring states is weak and, unless it can change rapidly, doomed to destruction. 24. Arthashastra is concerned with the security and foreign policy needs of a small state, in an environment with numerous other small states. The scope for enlargement of this small state was limited to the Indian subcontinent. The area extending from the Himalayas in the north to the sea in the south and a thousand yojanas[41] wide from East to West is the area of operation of the King-Emperor'[42]. Territories beyond the subcontinent are not included, probably for the reason that the conqueror is expected to establish in the conquered territories a social order based on the Aryas dharma, varna and ashrama system. Kautilya perhaps considered the establishment of such a social order outside the limits of India impractical or even undesirable[43]. 25. The guiding principles which govern the Kautilyan theory of foreign policy are[44]:- (a) A king shall develop his state, i.e., augment its resources and power in order to enable him to embark on a campaign of conquest; (b) The enemy shall be eliminated; (c) Those who help are friends; (d) A prudent course shall always be adopted; (e) Peace is to be preferred to war; and (f) A kings behaviour, in victory and in defeat, must be just. 26. The first verse of {6.2}, ‘Sama vyayamau yogakshemayoryonih ‘The welfare of a state [ensuring the security of the state within its existing boundaries and acquiring new territory to enlarge it] depends on adopting a policy of non-intervention or overt action establish the basis for all foreign policy. 27. This non-intervention, a method designed to build up confidence between kings, is to be understood in a specialized sense. It is not a policy of doing nothing but the deliberate choice of a policy of keeping away from foreign entanglements, in order to enjoy the fruits of past acquisitions by consolidating them. 28. Vyayama, (industry or activity) implies an active foreign policy, Yoga, the objective of enlargement of ones power and influence, and, through these, ones territory. These are the two stages of policy. Both depend on the state making progress, either materially in terms of its treasury and army or diplomatically in terms of its relations with other states. 29. The problem of defence of a state is intimately bound up with the question of its foreign relations. It is from hostile states that the state needs to be defended. Foreign relations are mainly discussed from the stand point of the â€Å"Vijigisu†[45]. In other words, it seeks to show how a state, desirous of extending its influence and expanding its territory, should conduct its relations with foreign states. A states position is determined by its relative progress or relative decline vis-a-vis other states in the neighbourhood. 30. The most important of a kings neighbours is the ‘enemy. Among the states surrounding a kingdom, there is always one who is the natural enemy. Presumably, this is the one neighbour who has designs on the king and, in the absence of any action, will be out to attack the king. The other neighbours may be hostile (aribhavi), friendly (mitrabhavi) or vassal (bhrityabhavi). There may also be a small buffer state between the king and the enemy (antardih). However, the main target of the conqueror is always the designated natural enemy; ‘one cannot make peace with an enemy'[46]. The reason for many aspects of the analysis of foreign policy being couched in terms of the conqueror out manoeuvring the enemy, is that the enemy is also the target of the diplomacy of the conqueror. When the conditions are ripe, a military campaign will be undertaken against him. 31. Allies are important; in fact, allies are described as a ‘constituent element of a state, the only external constituent. An alliance is based on giving help. â€Å"A friend is ever a well-wisher†[47]. Kautilya gives us a comprehensive analysis of the type of kings with whom an alliance is desirable and the types of allies based on their character and motivation. 32. Since prudence should always govern choice of policy, Kautilya is against both spineless submission and foolhardy valour[48]. Therefore, peace should always be preferred to war: ‘When the degree of progress is the same in pursu Mary Shelleys Frankenstein: Romanticism Analysis Mary Shelleys Frankenstein: Romanticism Analysis Mary Shelleys Frankenstein uses many elements of both Gothic literature and Romantic literature. Being written in 1818 the novel was placed well in the romantic era. Frankenstein uses very descriptive language to create beautiful scenery but also dark suspenseful settings. The novel works very well to balance out the true gothic nature of the novel with the romantic period in which it is set in. Frankenstein has a very dark underlying theme of death and revenge. There is also an incredible amount of emotion not only in the love Victor feels but also in the hatred the monster lets fester. There are many things that make Frankenstein a romantic novel, but the true underlying theme and the overpowering dark imagery is what makes Frankenstein a gothic novel. Frankenstein uses dark scenery to build suspense and foreshadow the events to come. When Victor is about to breathe life into the monster he describes how it was on a dreary night of November (Shelley, 34). This is a subtle sign that things are not about to go as planned. The birth of the monster will be a turning point in Victors life and one he will come to regret. Further in the same chapter the dark scenery tells the reader of Victors mistake. Victor states that he felt impelled to hurry on, although drenched from the rain which poured from a black and comfortless sky. (Shelley, 36). The sky is a representation of Victors wrong doing. He should not have created life so easily and carelessly. Many gothic novels will have a setting like a castle to show that it is a gothic novel, however, Frankenstein is different. The novel requires the main characters to move around a lot and travel very far distances. In order to make up for this Mary Shelley uses an amazing amount of descriptiv e scenery, like the examples from chapter five, to show that it really is a gothic and not a romantic. Another gothic element that the novel has is the use of the supernatural. The monster in which Victor creates is made out of body parts which Victor had to collect and piece together. This makes the reader question whether or not they agree with Victors taboo practices. It is very dark to think about Victor digging up bodies to steal parts of them to use in a monster just so he can play God. It seems all too nonchalant in the novel but in reality, that would be horrific. Shelleys novel is not only a gothic but also a critique and an exploration of the romantic genre. All through the novel it is clear to see that Victor Frankenstein is a true romantic. He is overflowing with emotion and in the end is consumed by it. Victor is always looking to the impossible he wants to create life in his own image. The romantics were always looking for a bigger, brighter future, but Victor wanted to create it. Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through and pour a torrent of life into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its creator and sourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Shelley, 32). Victor is looking to become a God, he wants to create a new species that looks up to him as the almighty. This may be a critique on the romantics point of view. It is okay to look forward to a brighter future but what lengths would a man go to in order to create or mould that future. Through the novel, Victors whole life is torn apart by the monster whi ch he created. In creating the future, he destroyed his own. All this horror and death is set in a very hopeful and beautiful setting. The way that Shelley describes the scenery is very romantic, but with the theme of death and revenge the setting feels more like a satire. Some people believe that Percy Shelley, a romantic writer and Mary Shelleys husband, had a large amount of influence on the novel. Others believe that he even wrote the book in her name. This could explain the romantic feel of the novel. However, if it was Mary Shelley who wrote it herself then it is a clear and obvious critique of the romantic era and the novel goes a lot deeper than one might think at first glance. Frankenstein was written in 1818 and it shows in the scenery and views on science. The way that Victor creates the monster is a reference to Giovanni Aldini. Aldini used electricity to make a slaughtered ox head spasm and appear to move like it was alive. Victor creates the monster in such a way but the monster actually comes alive rather than twitching on a table. With an anxiety that almost amounted to agony, I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet. (Shelley, 34). Shelley wanted to create the same shock and horror that Aldini did when he made the ox head move in front of an audience. This shows just how misunderstood science was by the general public. Since many principles of science were misunderstood Shelley equated science to magic and it was believable. The novel also reveals how society was very unaccepting and cold. Victor is scared to reveal his creation for fear that he would be called a monster for bringing such a horrific being to life. I avoided explanation and maintained a continual silence concerning the wretch I had created. I had a persuasion that I should be supposed mad, and this in itself would forever have chained my tongue. (Shelley, 136). Victor cannot get the monster out of his head, he feels it must be kept a secret and a burden only he can bear. However, Victor is so caught up in keeping it a secret that everything he says sounds crazy. His own father thinks he is mad and Victor knows this. He is afraid that he will never be thought a credible scientist again if the world finds his creation. The way that Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein is very interesting and takes a few reads and some deeper research to understand. Upon first glance it appears a regular gothic about a monster and his creator, but after a few more reads one can see the deeper romantic influence and the critique of the romantic view. The novel is a perfect gothic which relates itself to the society it was written for and the horror it looks to instil. The dark theme and questionable actions of the main character truly bring out the gothic nature in this novel. The way Victor tries to create the future he looks for is horrific and ultimately a failure. This is used to show that the romantics are dreamers and reality will create its own future. One man cannot create life and toy with the future so easily. Destiny cannot be escaped and dreaming of a better future is futile. The novel creates a feeling of despair in the reader. One can only hope for a better future and trying to create one like Victor will on ly end in catastrophe. This underlying, deeper meaning of the novel is what makes Frankenstein a true gothic novel. Works Cited Shelley, Mary Frankenstein. New York: Dover, 1994. Smith, Nicole. Elements of Romanticism in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. Article Myriad.   Dec 6, 2011. http://www.articlemyriad.com/elements-romanticism-frankenstein/ Gothic Literature. The Gothic Experience. Brooklyn College. October 24, 2002. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/gothic/gothic.html

Sexual Harassment and Workplace Violence Essay -- Sexual Harassment in

Harassment has plagued the world for centuries. Why should the workplace be any different? Sexual harassment and workplace violence are not only of historical roots, but contemporary issues are still present in the workforce today. Managers are addressing and combating modern sexual harassment and workplace violence, however instances still occur (Robbins, Decenzo & Coulter, 2011). â€Å"Sexual harassment is defined as any unwanted action or activity of a sexual nature that explicitly or implicitly affects an individual’s employment, performance, or work environment† (Robbins, Decenzo & Coulter, 2011). According to the EEOC, â€Å"Harassment can include â€Å"sexual harassment† or unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature.† Sexual harassment is not limited to the employee/employer relationship, but can included clients or customers. Harassment does not have to be sexual in nature, but can include harassment about ones gender in general (EEOC, n.d). Sexual harassment can be traced back for centuries. African-American slavery in the United States is an early example of situations that involved sexual harassment of workers by their superiors. African-American women imposed in slavery often succumbed to sexual advances. Late nineteenth and early twentieth female clerical workers were also often subjected to sexual harassment by their male superiors (Siegel, 2004). Publicly published articles and government hearings sparked interest in sexual harassment in the late nineteenth century. Interests in the problem of female sexual vulnerabilities during this time period lead to the composition of several books that embedded context of the subject within their pages. Helen C... ...(n.d.). Workplace violence, issues in response. Retrieved from website: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/workplace-violence/workplace-violence/view United State Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2010). Census of fatal occupational injuries summary. Retrieved from website: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm United States Department of Labor, Occupational and Safety Administration. (n.d.). What is workplace violence. Retrieved from website: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/workplaceviolence/ U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), (n.d.). Sexual harassment. Retrieved from website: http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission , (2011). Sexual harassment charges eeoc & fepas combined: fy 1997 - fy 2011. Retrieved from website: http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics Sexual Harassment and Workplace Violence Essay -- Sexual Harassment in Harassment has plagued the world for centuries. Why should the workplace be any different? Sexual harassment and workplace violence are not only of historical roots, but contemporary issues are still present in the workforce today. Managers are addressing and combating modern sexual harassment and workplace violence, however instances still occur (Robbins, Decenzo & Coulter, 2011). â€Å"Sexual harassment is defined as any unwanted action or activity of a sexual nature that explicitly or implicitly affects an individual’s employment, performance, or work environment† (Robbins, Decenzo & Coulter, 2011). According to the EEOC, â€Å"Harassment can include â€Å"sexual harassment† or unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature.† Sexual harassment is not limited to the employee/employer relationship, but can included clients or customers. Harassment does not have to be sexual in nature, but can include harassment about ones gender in general (EEOC, n.d). Sexual harassment can be traced back for centuries. African-American slavery in the United States is an early example of situations that involved sexual harassment of workers by their superiors. African-American women imposed in slavery often succumbed to sexual advances. Late nineteenth and early twentieth female clerical workers were also often subjected to sexual harassment by their male superiors (Siegel, 2004). Publicly published articles and government hearings sparked interest in sexual harassment in the late nineteenth century. Interests in the problem of female sexual vulnerabilities during this time period lead to the composition of several books that embedded context of the subject within their pages. Helen C... ...(n.d.). Workplace violence, issues in response. Retrieved from website: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/workplace-violence/workplace-violence/view United State Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2010). Census of fatal occupational injuries summary. Retrieved from website: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm United States Department of Labor, Occupational and Safety Administration. (n.d.). What is workplace violence. Retrieved from website: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/workplaceviolence/ U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), (n.d.). Sexual harassment. Retrieved from website: http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission , (2011). Sexual harassment charges eeoc & fepas combined: fy 1997 - fy 2011. Retrieved from website: http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics

Appendix H

Associate Level Material American Rangelands and Forests Part 1 Choose either a rangeland or a forest of the United States and describe current federal management strategies. Explain federal efforts to manage these lands sustainably by completing the chart below. |Rangeland or Forest Location |Brief History of | | | |Rangeland or | | | |Forest | |Research and identify the effects of |Review environmental websites and journals. |Month 1–3 | |air pollution. | | | |Document the sources of air pollution and both environmental and health| | | |effects of air pollution. | | | | | | | |Document video interviews of environmental researchers and | | | |facilitators. | |Develop an education program about |Develop a presentation about why this program is needed and include air|Month 1–3 | |air pollution effects. |pollution’s ill effects, the lifestyle changes that will be required, | | | |and the benefits and challenges of change. | | |Schedule a presentation day and time. |Attend a monthly HOA meeting to present the benefits of the program. |Month 4 | | | | | |Request that the HOA board add the presentation to the following | | | |month’s agenda. | | | | | | | |Document the audio and visual equipment needed for presentation and | | | |layout of the room. | |Identify and invite community |Tally the number of homes in the community. |Month 4–5 | |participants. | | | | |Create and distribute flyers to homes announcing the next HOA meeting | | | |and the educational program that will be introduced. | | Blank Sample Action Plan Action Items |Action Steps |Timeline | |(in order) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Add more rows if needed | | | References Corporation for National & Community Service. (n. d. ). Sample sustainability plan. In Toolkit for program sustainability, capacity building, and volunteer recruitment/management (Section 4). Retrieved from http://www. nationalserviceresources. org/filemanager/download/online/sustainabilit y_plan. pdf.

Free Essays on The Ford Motor Company

Like most great enterprises, Ford’s beginnings were modest. The company had anxious moments in its infancy, balancing precariously on the edge of bankruptcy. But one month after incorporation a ray of hope shone when the first car was sold to a Chicago dentist named Penning. A worried group of stockholders, skeptically eyeing a bank balance that had dwindled to $223.65, breathed easier, and a young For Motor Company had taken its first step. During the first five years, young Henry Ford, as chief engineer and later as president, directed a development and production program which started in a converted wagon factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit and later moved to a larger building at Piquette and Beaubien Streets. In the first 15 months 1,700 Model of cars chugged out of the old wagon factory. Between 1903 and 1908, Henry Ford and his engineers used the first 19 letters of the alphabet to assign their creations, although some of the cars were experimental and never reached the public. The most successful of the early production cars was the model (N), a small, light, four-cylinder machine that went on the market at $500.00. The model (K), a $2,500.00, six-cylinder, luxury car, sold poorly. The model K’s failure, along with Mr. Ford’s insistence that the company’s future lay in the production of inexpensive cars for a mass market, caused increasing friction between Mr. Ford and Alexander Malcomson, a Detroit coal dealer who had been instrumental in raising the original $28,000.00. As a result, Mr. Malcomson left t he company and Mr. Ford acquired enough of his stock to increase his holdings to 58.5 percent. He became president in 1906, replacing John S. Gray, a Detroit banker. Quarrel among the stockholders did not threaten the young company’s future, as seriously as a man named George Selden did. Mr. Selden had a patent on â€Å"road locomotives† powered by internal combustion engines. To protect his patent, he formed a power... Free Essays on The Ford Motor Company Free Essays on The Ford Motor Company Like most great enterprises, Ford’s beginnings were modest. The company had anxious moments in its infancy, balancing precariously on the edge of bankruptcy. But one month after incorporation a ray of hope shone when the first car was sold to a Chicago dentist named Penning. A worried group of stockholders, skeptically eyeing a bank balance that had dwindled to $223.65, breathed easier, and a young For Motor Company had taken its first step. During the first five years, young Henry Ford, as chief engineer and later as president, directed a development and production program which started in a converted wagon factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit and later moved to a larger building at Piquette and Beaubien Streets. In the first 15 months 1,700 Model of cars chugged out of the old wagon factory. Between 1903 and 1908, Henry Ford and his engineers used the first 19 letters of the alphabet to assign their creations, although some of the cars were experimental and never reached the public. The most successful of the early production cars was the model (N), a small, light, four-cylinder machine that went on the market at $500.00. The model (K), a $2,500.00, six-cylinder, luxury car, sold poorly. The model K’s failure, along with Mr. Ford’s insistence that the company’s future lay in the production of inexpensive cars for a mass market, caused increasing friction between Mr. Ford and Alexander Malcomson, a Detroit coal dealer who had been instrumental in raising the original $28,000.00. As a result, Mr. Malcomson left t he company and Mr. Ford acquired enough of his stock to increase his holdings to 58.5 percent. He became president in 1906, replacing John S. Gray, a Detroit banker. Quarrel among the stockholders did not threaten the young company’s future, as seriously as a man named George Selden did. Mr. Selden had a patent on â€Å"road locomotives† powered by internal combustion engines. To protect his patent, he formed a power...

12 diferencias entre ciudadanos y residentes permanentes legales

12 diferencias entre ciudadanos y residentes permanentes legales Las diferencias en derechos entre un ciudadano americano y un residente permanente legal son numerosas y de gran importancia. Es fundamental saber las diferencias porque aunque la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card, permite que un extranjero viva y trabaje legalmente en Estados Unidos, pero no le da los derechos que sà ³lo pueden tener los estadounidenses. En este artà ­culo adems de seà ±alar cules son las 12 diferencias fundamentales se recuerdan dos obligaciones comunes y se seà ±ala cul es el camino a seguir para pasar de ser residente permanente legal a ciudadano de los Estados Unidos. 12  ejemplos de derechos que sà ³lo tienen los ciudadanos estadounidenses 1. Votar, previa registracià ³n, en elecciones nacionales para elegir presidente de los Estados Unidos, senadores y congresistas. Este derecho se mantiene en la mayorà ­a de los casos aà ºn cuando el ciudadano reside habitualmente en otro paà ­s. Es decir, los expatriados pueden votar. 2. Acceder a ciertos empleos limitados a ciudadanos. Estas son las 50 profesiones con ms demanda en el gobierno federal, con sus salarios y nivel de educacià ³n que se pide. Incluso hay que tener en cuenta que ciertos empleos que requieren previa autorizacià ³n por motivos de seguridad (clearance) pueden estar vetados a ciudadanos americanos con doble nacionalidad. 3. Ser elegido representante de los ciudadanos. 4. Actuar como jurado en juicios civiles o penales. 5. Poder solicitar la residencia permanente para familiares  en ms casos y ms rpidamente que los que son solamente titulares de una tarjeta de residencia. Pero recordar que para solicitar los papeles para padres o hermanos los ciudadanos deben de haber cumplido los 21 aà ±os de edad. 6. Poder vivir en el extranjero sin là ­mite de tiempo. Sin embargo, los residentes sà ­ tienen que tener cuidado con el tiempo que pasan fuera de Estados Unidos, ya que pueden quedarse sin la residencia. 7. Si cometen crà ­menes o faltas, los ciudadanos son responsables penalmente y/o civilmente, pero no pierden derecho a vivir en EEUU. Por el contrario, los residentes pueden ser deportados. 8. Adems, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con la green card la ciudadanà ­a no se tiene que renovar, es para toda la vida. Sà ³lo se pierde en casos extremos o por actos voluntarios expresos. Esta es una lista de famosos estadounidenses que renunciaron a su nacionalidad por causas muy diversas, aunque en la mayorà ­a de los casos fue para no pagar impuestos. 9. Los ciudadanos pueden tener una doble nacionalidad. Ya que EU no exige a los ciudadanos que se naturalizan que renuncien a su ciudadanà ­a original. Sin embargo, el paà ­s de origen sà ­ que puede exigir que sus ciudadanos que renuncien a su nacià ³n de nacimiento al jurar lealtad a los Estados Unidos. 10. Sà ³lo los ciudadanos  pueden pedir una visa para sus prometidos extranjeros. La finalidad tiene que ser casarse en los Estados Unidos.  Adems, los familiares inmediatos de ciudadanos, como son su cà ³nyuge, hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os y los padres, gozan de ciertos beneficios migratorios, como la posibilidad de ajustar su estatus en ms casos, etc. 11. Son estadounidenses y tienen derecho al pasaporte americano los hijos de ciudadanos nacidos en el exterior, salvo con ciertas limitaciones. Y eso es porque pueden transmitir su ciudadanà ­a a sus hijos sin importar su lugar de nacimiento. Es lo que se conoce como derecho de sangre. 12. Otra importante diferencia entre los ciudadanos y los residentes permanentes es que ciertos beneficios sociales como los cupones de alimentos y Medicaid aplican de manera distinta a residentes y ciudadanos. Obligaciones comunes a ciudadanos y residentes Aunque el estatus de ciudadano y de residente es distinto, existen obligaciones comunes a ambos. Por ejemplo, la de registrarse para el Servicio Selectivo  o la de pagar impuestos. Naturalizarse para obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana Los residentes permanentes pueden solicitar naturalizarse  cuando cumplen el  tiempo de espera de los residentes para aplicar por la ciudadanà ­a americana  que varà ­a dependiendo del caso. Si lo que da miedo es el examen de inglà ©s y conocimientos cà ­vicos hay que saber que en algunos casos es posible rendir el examen en espaà ±ol. Asimismo, algunos discapacitados podrà ­an no tener que rendirlo. Tambià ©n es posible preparar el examen en las clases gratuitas para la ciudadanà ­a que brindan numerosas organizaciones en todo el paà ­s o tomar este quiz o test de respuestas mà ºltiples para saber  si aprobarà ­as el examen de naturalizacià ³n  sobre conocimientos cà ­vicos.   Actualmente, el proceso de naturalizacià ³n dura un promedio de cinco a seis meses y debe iniciarse rellenando correctamente el formulario N-400.